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中国银行业监督管理委员会




China Banking Regulatory Commission No. 4 Order
Upon the approval of the State Council, the Administrative Rules Governing the Auto Financing Company is now promulgated by the China Banking Regulatory Commission.





Chairman Liu Mingkang

October 3, 2003





Administrative Rules Governing the Auto Financing Company
Chapter I General Provisions
Article 1 The Administrative Rules Governing the Auto Financing Company (hereinafter referred to as the Rules) is stipulated in accordance with relevant laws and regulations to serve the need of developing auto financing business and regulating the business activities of the non-bank financial institutions engaging in auto financing business.



Article 2 Auto financing companies referred to in the Rules are defined as non-bank financial legal entities charted by the China Banking Regulatory Commission in compliance with relevant laws, regulations and the Rules to provide loans for auto buyers and dealers in the mainland of China.



Article 3 Auto financing companies are supervised and regulated by the China Banking Regulatory Commission.



Chapter II Incorporation, Change and Termination


Article 4 The establishment of an auto financing company shall be subject to the approval of the China Banking Regulatory Commission.



Without the approval of the China Banking Regulatory Commission, no individual or entity shall be allowed to establish an auto financing company, or engage in auto financing business, or include in the name of a company such names as “auto financing” or “auto loan” that indicate the company’s engagement in auto financing business



Article 5 An investor of an auto financing company shall satisfy following requirements:

(a) It shall be a corporate legal entity incorporated in and outside China.

If the investor is a non-financial entity, its total assets of the previous year shall be no less than RMB4 billion yuan or an equivalent amount in convertible currencies; its annual business revenue of the previous year shall be no less than RMB2 billion yuan or an equivalent amount in convertible currencies.

If the investor is a non-bank financial institution, its registered capital shall be no less than RMB300 million yuan or an equivalent amount in convertible currencies;

(b) It shall have sound business performance and remain profitable for the last three consecutive years;

(c) It shall comply with the laws of the countries where it is incorporated and shall have a clean record;

(d) In case of the largest investor, it shall be an auto enterprise or a non-bank financial institution.

The auto enterprise refers to an enterprise that manufactures and sells the whole unit of an automobile.

The largest investor refers to the investor with the largest share of capital and its capital contribution accounting for no less than 30 percent of the total equity of the auto financing company;

(e) It shall not invest in more than one auto financing company; and

(f) It shall satisfy other prudential supervisory requirements set forth by the China Banking Regulatory Commission.



Article 6 An auto financing company shall satisfy the following conditions in order to be incorporated:

a) the minimum amount of registered capital required by the Rules;

b) Articles of Association that complies with relevant laws including the Company Law of the People’s Republic of China and the Rules;

c) senior management familiar with auto financing and other related business;

d) a sound organizational structure, management and risk control systems;

e) proper business premises, safety measures and other facilities for business operations; and

f) other conditions set out by the China Banking Regulatory Commission.



Article 7 The minimum registered capital of an auto financing company shall be no less than RMB500 million yuan or an equivalent amount in convertible currencies. Registered capital shall be paid-in capital.



The China Banking Regulatory Commission shall have the power to adjust the minimum registered capital of an auto financing company in line with the developments of auto financing business and the prudential requirements, but the adjusted floor shall not be lower than the amount provided in this Article.



Article 8 The establishment of an auto financing company shall cover two stages, i.e. the preparation stage and the business commencement stage. The Chinese text of all application documents for the preparation and the business commencement stages shall prevail.



Article 9 To apply for the preparation of a prospective auto financing company, the largest investor of the company shall act as the applicant and submit the following documents to the China Banking Regulatory Commission:

(a) an application letter, including the auto financing company’s name, location of incorporation, registered capital, business scope and investors’ names and amounts of investment, etc.;

(b) a feasibility study on establishing the auto financing company, including a market analysis, a business plan, the organizational structure, an assessment of the company’s risk control capability, the proforma balance sheet and profits in the following three years after the business commencement;

(c) an Articles of Association of the auto financing company (a draft note);

(d) basic information of each investor of the auto financing company, including name, legal representative, location of incorporation, a photocopy of the business license and a summary of business performance, etc.;

(e) the investor’s balance sheet, profit and loss statement and cash flow statement for the latest three years audited by qualified auditing firms;

(f) name and resume of the person in charge of the preparation; and

(g) other documents required by the China Banking Regulatory Commission.



If the applicant is a foreign non-bank financial institution, it shall submit the consent of its home country supervisory authority in writing. If the applicant is a non-financial entity, it shall submit the credit rating report of the previous year by a rating agency.



Article 10 The China Banking Regulatory Commission, upon receiving a complete set of application documents for the preparation of an auto financing company, shall provide its decision of approval or denial in writing within six months.



Article 11 The applicant shall, upon receiving the approval letter from the China Banking Regulatory Commission, complete the preparation within six months. If the applicant has justification for prolonging the preparation stage beyond the prescribed period, it shall submit a written application to the China Banking Regulatory Commission before the original deadline falls due, and may extend the preparation stage for up to three months subject to the approval.



If the applicant fails to apply for business commencement upon the completion of the preparation stage or the extended preparation stage, the original approval document for the preparation shall become void automatically.



During the preparation stage, the applicant shall not conduct any auto financing business.



Article 12 The applicant shall, before the deadline of the preparation stage or the extended preparation stage, apply for business commencement to the China Banking Regulatory Commission with the following attachments:



(a) a report on completion of the preparation and an application letter for business commencement;

(b) a certification of paid-in capital issued by a qualified Chinese certifying agency, and a registration certificate issued by the State Administration of Industry and Commerce;

(c) articles of Association of the auto financing company;

(d) names and detailed resumes of proposed senior managerial personnel;

(e) name and capital contribution of each shareholder;

(f) proposed business rules and procedures and internal controls;

(g) verification documents on business premises and other business-related facilities issued by relevant authorities; and

(h) other documents required by the China Banking Regulatory Commission.



Article 13 The China Banking Regulatory Commission, upon receiving a complete set of business commencement application documents, shall provide its decision of approval or denial of the application within three months. If the application is approved, the applicant shall receive a written approval letter attached with a license to conduct financial business with the prescribed business scope. If the application is denied, the applicant shall receive a written notice in which reasons for denial are provided.



The applicant shall, before commencing operations, register with the State Administration of Industry and Commerce with the presentation of the license to conduct financial business, and receive a corporate legal entity business License.



The China Banking Regulatory Commission shall revoke the license to conduct financial business and issue a public notice of the revocation if the auto financing company, after receiving the business license, fails without justification to open business within three months, or, without approval, stops operation for six consecutive months after business commencement.



Article 14 An auto financing company shall not set up any branch or subsidiary.



Article 15 The appointment of the senior managerial personnel of an auto financing company shall be either subject to the qualification review by the China Banking Regulatory Commission or filed with the China Banking Regulatory Commission for record.



The chairman of the board of directors, general manager and deputy general manager, executive directors, and chief financial officer of an auto financing company are subject to the qualification view by the China Banking Regulatory Commission. The qualifications of these senior managerial personnel and procedures relating to qualification review and filing for record shall be issued separately.



Article 16 An auto financing company, in case of any of the following changes, shall seek the approval of the China Banking Regulatory Commission:

(a) change of company name;

(b) change of registered capital;

(c) change of business premises;

(d) change of business scope;

(e) change of organizational structure;

(f) change of equity structure;

(g) revision of Articles of Association;

(h) change of senior managerial personnel;

(i) merger or split; and

(j) other changes that require the approval of the China Banking Regulatory Commission.



Article 17 The liquidation of an auto financing company whose operation is terminated because of dissolution, closure or bankruptcy, shall be carried out in compliance with relevant laws and regulations.



Chapter III Business Scope and Supervision


Article 18 An auto financing company may conduct all or part of the following lines of Renminbi business with the approval of the China Banking Regulatory Commission:

(a) taking deposits with maturity of no less than three months from its shareholders in the mainland of China;

(b) extending loans for auto purchase;

(c) extending loans to auto dealers for purpose of purchasing automobiles or facilities for operations (including the show-room construction, purchase of spare parts and equipment repairs);

(d) transferring and selling auto loan receivables;

(e) borrowing from financial institutions;

(f) providing guarantee for auto purchase financing;

(g) agency business relating to auto purchase financing; and

(h) other loan business approved by The China Banking Regulatory Commission.



Article 19 An auto financing company, in case of extending loans to a natural person for auto purchase, shall observe relevant rules governing the auto loans to individual buyers promulgated by the relative supervisory authority. In case of extending auto loans to a legal entity or other organizations, an auto financing company shall observe relevant rules set out by General Provisions of Loans and other regulations.



Article 20 An auto financing company, without the approval of relevant regulatory authorities, shall not issue bonds or borrow funds from overseas. When an auto financing company’s establishment and business operations involve currency exchange, outward repatriation of profits, provision of auto loans for non-residents, capital management or other business transactions relating to foreign exchange administration, the company shall be subject to relevant regulations to be jointly issued by relative regulatory authorities and the State Administration of Foreign Exchange.



Article 21 An auto financing company shall meet the requirement on the capital to risk assets ratio, and the capital adequacy ratio shall not be less than ten percent. The China Banking Regulatory Commission may increase the minimum requirement of capital adequacy ratio of an individual company in line with the company’s risk profile and risk management capability. Other requirements on risk control and management relating to various kinds of assets shall be issued separately by the China Banking Regulatory Commission.



Article 22 An auto financing company shall adopt relevant accounting rules for financial institutions.



Article 23 An auto financing company shall compile in required format and submit to the China Banking Regulatory Commission the balance sheet, the profit and loss Statement, the cash flow statement and other statements required by the China Banking Regulatory Commission, and submit the financial statements of the previous year within three months after the end of each accounting year.



An auto financing company shall not provide false financial statements, or statements in which important facts are concealed.



Article 24 An auto financing company shall establish and improve various business management systems and internal controls in line with Guidelines on Strengthening Internal Controls of Commercial Banks issued by the People’s Bank of China, and report the systems to the China Banking Regulatory Commission before their implementation.



Article 25 An auto financing company shall accept the on-site examination and the off-site surveillance by the China Banking Regulatory Commission.



Article 26 The China Banking Regulatory Commission may call the legal representatives or other senior managerial personnel of an auto financing company for inquiries into problems discovered during regular examinations, and demand the company to correct within a prescribed time frame.



Article 27 An auto financing company shall establish a system of external audit on a regular basis and submit to the China Banking Regulatory Commission annual auditor’s report signed by the company’s legal representative within six months after the end of each accounting year.



Article 28 An auto financing company, in case of encountering payment difficulties or other emergencies, shall take remedial actions, and promptly report to the China Banking Regulatory Commission.



Article 29 The China Banking Regulatory Commission shall demand remedial actions by an auto financing company in case of the following circumstances:

(a) The company suffers from a loss in the current year of above 50 percent of the registered capital or losses in the last three consecutive years of above 10 percent of the registered capital;

(b) The company is in payment difficulties; and

(c) The company faces other major operational risks that the China Banking Regulatory Commission deems necessary to issue an order for corrective actions.



Article 30 The China Banking Regulatory Commission, after issuing an order for corrective actions to an auto financing company, may take the following enforcement actions:

(a) demanding or prohibiting the change of the company’s senior managerial personnel;

(b) suspending part of the company’s business or prohibiting the company’s engagement in new business lines;

(c) demanding an increase of the company’s capital within a prescribed time frame;

(d) demanding the company to change its equity structure or implement other forms of restructuring;

(e) prohibiting the dividend distribution; and

(f) other enforcement actions that the China Banking Regulatory Commission deems necessary.



Article 31 An auto financing company, when receiving an order for remedial actions, shall not resume normal business operations until the following conditions are met and are approved by the China Banking Regulatory Commission:

(a) Solvency is restored;

(b) Losses are covered; and

(c) Major operational risks are addressed.



Article 32 The maximum time limit that an auto financing company is allowed for corrective actions shall not exceed one year. If the company fails to meet the objectives of remedial actions within the prescribed time limit, its operation shall be terminated in accordance with relevant laws and regulations.



Article 33 Auto financing companies may establish a trade association for self-regulation purposes. The activities of the trade association are subject to the guidance and oversight of the China Banking Regulatory Commission.



Chapter IV Legal Liabilities


Article 34 Any establishment of an auto financing company or any auto financing business without the approval of the China Banking Regulatory Commission shall be banned. If the case constitutes a crime, criminal liabilities shall be investigated. If the case dose not constitute a crime, the China Banking Regulatory Commission shall confiscate the illegal earnings and impose a fine between one to five times the illegal earnings. If no illegal earnings are involved, the China Banking Regulatory Commission shall issue an order for remedial actions and impose a fine of no less than RMB100,000 yuan and no more than RMB500,000 yuan.



Article 35 The China Banking Regulatory Commission shall demand correction and impose a fine of RMB1000 yuan if a company, without the approval of the China Banking Regulatory Commission, includes in its name such words as “auto finance”, “auto loan”, etc. that indicate the company’s engagement in auto financing business.



Article 36 In case of an auto financing company being found to engage in business activities beyond its prescribed business scope, the China Banking Regulatory Commission shall issue a warning against the company, confiscate the illegal earnings and impose a fine in a range of one to five times the illegal earnings. If no illegal earnings are involved, the China Banking Regulatory Commission imposes a fine of no less than RMB100,000 yuan and no more than RMB500,000 yuan. If the case constitutes a crime, the criminal liabilities shall be investigated.



Article 37 In case of an auto financing company being found in violation of relevant provisions of the Rules to provide false financial statements or statements in which important facts are concealed, the China Banking Regulatory Commission shall issue a warning against the company, and impose a fine of no less than RMB100,000 yuan and no more than RMB500,000 yuan. If the case constitutes a crime, the criminal liabilities shall be investigated.



Article 38 In case of an auto financing company being found in violation of relevant provisions of the Rules to reject or impede the examinations and oversight by the supervisor, the China Banking Regulatory Commission shall issue a warning against the company, and impose a fine of no less than RMB10,000 yuan and no more than RMB30,000 yuan.



Article 39 An auto financing company, in case of being found in violation of the Rules, shall be punished in accordance with the provisions of Article 34 to Article 38. If the violation is a serious one, the China Banking Regulatory Commission may ban the company’s senior managerial personnel from holding senior management position for one to ten years, or in some particular case, for life.



Article 40 An auto financing company, in case of being found in violation of other Chinese laws and regulations, shall be subject to enforcement actions by relevant regulatory authorities.



Chapter V Supplementary Provisions


Article 41 The Rules is applicable to all auto financing companies incorporated in the mainland of China funded by investors from Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Macao Special Administrative Region and Taiwan province.



Article 42 The Rules enters into effect on October 3, 2003, and the power of the interpretation rests with the China Banking Regulatory Commission.




论经济法的基本原则

唐 勇

摘要：该文从经济法作为一个独立的法的部门出发，针对现行教材的不足，通过对学者已有观点的总结，提出经济法的基本原则。以此完善经济法体系，有助于经济法的理论研究，并为制定《经济法纲要》指出了立法方向。
关键词：经济法；经济法的基本原则
中图分类号：D92

在中国，经济法学在1979年我国工作重心转移到社会主义现代化建设上来和改革开放的实行而产生的。在20年来的学说争论和法治发展的过程中，经济法学已经成为一门独立的学科，而且理论界相当普遍地承认了经济法是一个独立而且重要的法的部门。经济法的调整对象、体系渊源、地位作用等重大理论问题的研究正在日益深入。本文正是基于这个基础来讨论经济法的基本原则的。

一、经济法基本原则提出的理论依据和背景
在我国，经济法学界已经一致承认经济法是一个独立的法的部门，整个法学界绝大多数人也承认经济法在法的体系中的地位是确立的。
法律部门是“按照法律规范自身的不同性质，调整社会关系的不 同领域和不同方法等所划分的不同法律规范的总和”。①法律所调整的对象无非是以各种形态为表现形式的社会关系，包括政治关系、经济关系、文化关系、宗教关系等等。法律部门就是以法律所调整的社会关系的内容作为依据来划分一部法律属于哪个部门的。那么，一个法律部门地位的确立，必须有其特有的调整对象。
经济法的调整对象是“在国家调节社会经济过程中发生的各种社会关系，简称国家经济调节关系，或国家经济调节管理关系”。②具体分为：宏观调控关系，微观规制关系，国有参与关系，对外管制关系，市场监督关系五个方面。③而且，经济法的调整对象同其他法的部门的调整对象是可以分开的。
与此同时，我国经济法的立法工作紧密结合国民经济的调整改革，对一些重要的经济关系和经济活动准则制定了一大批经济法律和法规。调整经济关系的规范性文件体系已初具规模，为经济法学体系的建立和完善奠定基础。
法的分类（divisions of the law）是指“在任何一个已有合理的，成熟的理论和已形成内容丰富的原则和规则的法律体系中，法学家为了评注和研究的方便，总是把所有规则分成一定数量的部门和次部门，并不断寻求合适的方法对它们进行归类和分组”。④由此可见，法的部门的确立和法的分类必须具备另一个条件——“形成内容丰富的原则”。民法作为一个完善和重要的法的部门，有以《民法通则》为核心的规范性文件体系，有平等、自愿、公平、诚实信用、公序良俗、禁止权利滥用等基本原则。相对应的，经济法作为一个新兴的法的部门，也应该有其基本原则和核心基本法。

二、关于经济法基本原则的学说
明确经济法原则的含义是评判学说的前提和基础。法律原则是“法律的基础性真理、原理，或是为其他法律要素提供基础或本源的综合性的原理或出发点”。⑤基于这个论述，笔者认为经济法的基本原则应当是能够全面反映它所调整的社会经济关系的本质和内在规律，寓存于整个经济法体系中的指导思想。首先，经济法的基本原则不是一成不变的。法律作为其工具性的一面，是为统治阶级的需要而服务的。在不同的历史时期，国家主权者有不同的利益追求，那么经济法所调整的国家经济调节关系也会有不同的变化，其指导性原则也就随之变动；第二，经济法的基本原则是带有国别色彩的，英美为主的西方国家的经济法往往着重于国家干预，而我国需要的是开放自由的市场，防止行政垄断的干预；第三，原则必须是高度概括性的，若确立得过于具体化，就是属于法律规则的范畴了。
当前学术界提出的一些基本原则主要有⑥：按客观经济规律办事的原则；坚持发展社会主义公有制，保护非公有制经济共同发展的原则；国家宏观调控与市场机制相结合的原则；实行责、权、利相结合和国家、集体、个人利益相统一的原则；兼顾公平和效率的原则；经济民主和经济法制相结合的原则；促进和保障社会主义市场经济健康发展的原则；经济效益和社会效益相结合的原则等等。

三、经济法基本原则的确立
上述学者提出的观点，有其可取的部分，如经济效益和社会效益相结合的原则，我国经济法学界一般认为，传统民法强调“私法优先”，传统行政法强调“公法优先”，而经济法则是将私法和公法放在“互为优先”的地位。这个“互为优先”反映的即是一种社会本位思想，即个人利益和国家利益的兼顾；然而像坚持发展社会主义公有制，保护非公有制经济共同发展的原则就不应该作为经济法的基本原则，因为这个思想不仅仅是经济法要贯彻的，同时也是商法、行政法等部门法都应坚持的，故应该将其视为宪法原则。
笔者认为，经济法基本原则的确立，主要是以下四方面的内容。
第一、协调经济原则。市场管理法，如反垄断法律制度、反不正当竞争法律制度、票据法律制度、证券法律制度等等都是国家对经济的调整管理，“国家之手”在经济关系中的作用是协调本国经济，完善产业结构。在调整过程中应该遵循客观的经济规律，注意客观经济条件和国际经济形势的变化，主动灵活地发挥经济法的调节作用。
第二、效率公平原则。“效率是社会能从其稀缺资源中得到最多东西的特性；公平是经济成果在社会成员中公平分配的特性。”⑦从经济学角度分析，效率和公平往往是不能兼顾的，一项政策的出台和实施要么重效率轻公平，要么重公平轻效率。经济法的作用就在于用法律的形式保护整个国民经济的效率和公平。在某一个阶段可以促进其中的一面，但就整体而言必须兼顾二者。
第三、利益兼顾原则。要贯彻利益兼顾原则必须正确处理以下四个关系：正确处理国家与企业之间的利益关系，正确处理国家与劳动者个人之间的利益关系，正确处理企业与劳动者个人之间的利益关系，正确处理中央与地方之间的利益关系。⑧经济法的任务就在于坚持国家整体经济利益，兼顾地方、企业、个人等各种利益，实现社会整体利益最大化。
第四、可持续发展原则。坚持可持续发展战略是我国现代化建设需要考虑的重大课题。经济的发展涉及到资源的开发利用，废弃物的排放，环境保护和治理等一系列社会性问题。因此，经济法必须强调坚持可持续发展的原则，不能为眼前的利益而牺牲长远利益。

四、经济法基本原则确立的意义
上述四个原则是相辅相成的统一整体，联系着各个经济主体的利益分配，贯穿了国家调控经济的全部过程，使当前利益与长远利益得到结合，具有重要作用。
首先，基本原则的确立，巩固了经济法作为一个独立法的部门的地位，完善了经济法学理论体系，有利于抵制“大民法观念”和“经济法学说”，有力驳斥“经济法没有理论”的观点。
其次，在实务上，原则的确立为经济法规则提供了基础和出发点，对新法律法规的制定具有指导意义，对理解经济法律具体条文亦有指导意义。经济法原则可以作为未被法条规定的疑难经济案件的断案依据和审判依据，并且为制定《经济法纲要》指出立法方向。
经济法学界、整个法学界，乃至国民经济发展都会因基本原则的确立而受益。






注释：
① 张文显主编《法理学》第80页，高等教育出版社、北京大学出版社1999年版
② 漆多俊主编《经济法学》第1页，武汉大学出版社1998年版
③ 顾功耘、刘哲昕著《论经济法的调整对象》，载《中国经济法治的反思和前瞻——2000年全国经济法学理论研讨会论文精选》法律出版社2001年版
④ [英]戴维???M?沃克《牛津法律大辞典》第264页，北京社会与科技发展研究所组织编译、光明日报出版社1989年版
⑤ 同注①第74页
⑥ 主要参考 刘隆亨著《经济法概论》，北京大学出版社2001年版
肖平主编《中国经济法》，中国政法大学出版社1994年版
李昌麒主编《经济法教程》，法律出版社1998年版
⑦ N?格里高利?曼昆著《经济学原理》第5页，三联书店、北京大学出版社1999年版